Inside TYPO3
3.11.2. Paths in TYPO3 (UNIX vs. Windows):
Absolute paths are necessary in the backend in order to support symlinking of the backend code (UNIX).
All paths are using single forward slashes (mydir/myfile.php - right!) opposed to backslashes (mydir\\myfile.php - WRONG!).
All absolute paths should begin with either "/" or "x:/", eg. "/mydir/myfile.php" (unix) or "C:/mydir/myfile.php" (windows). Please use the function t3lib_div::isAbsPath($path) to check absolute paths. This function will return true if absolute. There are also a few other API functions which are very recommended for security reasons: t3lib_div::getFileAbsFileName() will return the absolute filename for you from a relative path and further check that the path in the input is valid. t3lib_div::validPathStr() is also nice since it checks for "..", "//" and "\\" in the path.
See "TYPO3 Core API" for more details on high priority API functions.